DNA is the blueprint of your life            

Human genetic information is stored within deoxyribonucleic acids (DNA). These DNA are organized into structures called chromosomes within the nucleus of every human cell. There are 46 chromosomes (or 23 pairs) in human cells, with each parent contributing one chromosome of each pair. DNA is a long strand of double-stranded anti-parallel helix with nucleotides as its building blocks. There are 4 different types of nucleotides in DNA, named A, T, G and C.  DNA is arranged into functional units called genes, each of which has its unique cellular function. In order for a gene to perform its function, it will transcribe a copy of itself, called mRNA. The genetic information on mRNA will then be decoded and translated into a protein, which is the molecule that performs the function of the gene.

Human diversity is written in our DNA

There is genetic diversity among human populations. This diversity is the result of many small variations or changes within our DNA sequences. These variations are usually inherited from our parents, but occasionally acquired spontaneously or by exposure to environment. These variations are called mutations (prevalent less than1% of the population) or polymorphisms (more than 1% of the population). Genetic mutations can arise spontaneously (due to errors in DNA replication or others), or from exposure of DNA to mutagens (for example radiation, some chemicals, and viral infection). If a mutation occurs in egg or sperm cells, it can potentially be passed down to our children. If a mutation has been inherited by more than 1% of the population, it is called a polymorphism.

Though most mutations and polymorphisms are inert or harmless to our health, some of them cause diseases or increase the risk of disease, and thus have a major impact on our health.

• Genetics in Brief

• Genetic Polymorphisms and Predisposition to Diseases

• Genetic Mutations and Inherited Disease

• Genetics and Response to Medical Treatment

• Genetics and Disease Prognosis

• Unlocking the Secret of Human Genome

◊ DNA Sequencing
◊ Microarray